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Dictionary | ||
|---|---|---|
| • defstruct | ||
| • copy-structure | ||
Next: copy-structure, Up: Structures [Contents][Index]
structure-name | (structure-name 〚↓options〛)
↓conc-name-option |
{↓constructor-option}* |
↓copier-option |
↓include-option |
↓initial-offset-option |
↓named-option |
↓predicate-option |
↓printer-option |
↓type-option
:conc-name | (:conc-name) | (:conc-name conc-name)
:constructor |
(:constructor) |
(:constructor constructor-name) |
(:constructor constructor-name constructor-arglist)
:copier | (:copier) | (:copier copier-name)
:predicate | (:predicate) | (:predicate predicate-name)
(:include included-structure-name {↓slot-description}*)
↓print-object-option | ↓print-function-option
(:print-object printer-name) | (:print-object)
(:print-function printer-name) | (:print-function)
(:type type)
:named
(:initial-offset initial-offset)
slot-name |
(slot-name [slot-initform 〚↓slot-option〛])
:type slot-type |
:read-only slot-read-only-p
conc-name—a string designator.
constructor-arglist—a boa lambda list.
constructor-name—a symbol.
copier-name—a symbol.
included-structure-name—an already-defined structure name. Note that a derived type is not permissible, even if it would expand into a structure name.
initial-offset—a non-negative integer.
predicate-name—a symbol.
printer-name—a function name or a lambda expression.
slot-name—a symbol.
slot-initform—a form.
slot-read-only-p—a generalized boolean.
structure-name—a symbol.
type—one of the type specifiers
list,
vector,
or (vector size),
or some other type specifier defined
by the implementation to be appropriate.
documentation—a string; not evaluated.
defstruct defines a structured type, named structure-type,
with named slots as specified by the slot-options.
defstruct defines readers for the slots and
arranges for setf to work properly on such
reader functions.
Also, unless overridden, it
defines a predicate named name-p,
defines a constructor function named make-constructor-name,
and defines a copier function named copy-constructor-name.
All names of automatically created functions might automatically
be declared inline (at the discretion of the implementation).
If documentation is supplied, it is attached to structure-name as a documentation string of kind structure, and unless :type is used, the documentation is also attached to structure-name as a documentation string of kind type and as a documentation string to the class object for the class named structure-name.
defstruct defines a constructor function that is used to
create instances of the structure created by defstruct.
The default name is make-structure-name.
A different name can be supplied
by giving the name as the argument to the constructor option.
nil indicates that no constructor function will be created.
After a new structure type has been defined, instances of that type normally can be created by using the constructor function for the type. A call to a constructor function is of the following form:
(constructor-function-name slot-keyword1 form-1 slot-keyword2 form-2 ...)
The arguments to the constructor function are all keyword arguments. Each slot keyword argument must be a keyword whose name corresponds to the name of a structure slot. All the keywords and forms are evaluated. If a slot is not initialized in this way, it is initialized by evaluating slot-initform in the slot description at the time the constructor function is called. If no slot-initform is supplied, the consequences are undefined if an attempt is later made to read the slot’s value before a value is explicitly assigned.
Each slot-initform supplied for a defstruct component,
when used by the constructor function for an otherwise unsupplied
component, is re-evaluated on every call to the
constructor function.
The slot-initform is not evaluated
unless it is needed in the creation of a particular structure
instance. If it is never needed, there can be no type-mismatch
error, even if the type
of the slot is specified; no warning
should be issued in this case.
For example, in the following sequence, only the last call is an error.
(defstruct person (name 007 :type string)) (make-person :name "James") (make-person)
It is as if the slot-initforms were used as initialization forms for the keyword parameters of the constructor function.
The symbols which name the slots must not be used by the
implementation as the names for the lambda variables
in the constructor function, since one or more of those symbols
might have been proclaimed special or might be defined as
the name of a constant variable.
The slot default init forms are evaluated
in the lexical environment in which the defstruct form itself appears and
in the dynamic environment in which the call to the constructor function appears.
For example, if the form (gensym) were used as an initialization form,
either in the constructor-function call or as the default initialization form
in defstruct, then every call to the constructor function would call
gensym once to generate a new symbol.
Each slot-description in defstruct can specify zero or more
slot-options.
A slot-option consists of a pair of a keyword and a value
(which is not a form to be evaluated, but the value itself). For example:
(defstruct ship (x-position 0.0 :type short-float) (y-position 0.0 :type short-float) (x-velocity 0.0 :type short-float) (y-velocity 0.0 :type short-float) (mass *default-ship-mass* :type short-float :read-only t))
This specifies that each slot always contains a short float, and that the last slot cannot be altered once a ship is constructed.
The available slot-options are:
:type typeThis specifies that the contents of the slot is always of type type. This is entirely analogous to the declaration of a variable or function; it effectively declares the result type of the reader function. It is implementation-dependent whether the type is checked when initializing a slot or when assigning to it. Type is not evaluated; it must be a valid type specifier.
:read-only xWhen x is true,
this specifies that this slot cannot be
altered; it will always contain the value supplied at construction time.
setf will not accept the reader function for this slot.
If x is false, this slot-option has no effect.
X is not evaluated.
When this option is false or unsupplied, it is implementation-dependent whether the ability to write the slot is implemented by a setf function or a setf expander.
The following keyword options are available for use with defstruct.
A defstruct option can be either a keyword or a list
of a keyword and arguments for that keyword;
specifying the keyword by itself is equivalent to specifying a list consisting of
the keyword and no arguments.
The syntax for defstruct options differs from the pair syntax
used for slot-options. No part of any of these options is evaluated.
This provides for automatic prefixing of names of reader (or access) functions. The default behavior is to begin the names of all the reader functions of a structure with the name of the structure followed by a hyphen.
:conc-name supplies an alternate
prefix to be used. If a hyphen is to be used as a separator,
it must be supplied as part of the prefix.
If :conc-name is nil or no argument is supplied,
then no prefix is used;
then the names of the reader functions
are the same as the slot names.
If a non-nil prefix is given,
the name of the reader function for each slot is constructed by
concatenating that prefix and the name of the slot, and interning the resulting
symbol in the package that is current at the time the
defstruct form is expanded.
Note that no matter what is supplied for :conc-name,
slot keywords that match the slot names with no prefix attached are used
with a constructor function.
The reader function name is used
in conjunction with setf. Here is an example:
(defstruct (door (:conc-name dr-)) knob-color width material) → DOOR (setq my-door (make-door :knob-color 'red :width 5.0)) → #S(DOOR :KNOB-COLOR RED :WIDTH 5.0 :MATERIAL NIL) (dr-width my-door) → 5.0 (setf (dr-width my-door) 43.7) → 43.7 (dr-width my-door) → 43.7
Whether or not the :conc-name option is explicitly supplied, the following rule governs name conflicts of generated reader (or accessor) names: For any structure type S1 having a reader function named R for a slot named X1 that is inherited by another structure type S2 that would have a reader function with the same name R for a slot named X2 no definition for R is generated by the definition of S2 instead, the definition of R is inherited from the definition of S1 (In such a case, if X1 the implementation might signal a style warning.)
This option takes zero, one, or two arguments.
If at least one argument is supplied and the first argument is not nil, then
that argument is a symbol which specifies the name of the
constructor function. If the argument is not supplied (or if the option itself is not
supplied), the name of the constructor is produced by concatenating the
string "MAKE-" and the name of the structure, interning the name
in whatever package is current at the time defstruct
is expanded. If the argument is provided and is nil,
no constructor function is defined.
If :constructor is given as
(:constructor name arglist),
then instead of making a keyword
driven constructor function, defstruct
defines a “positional” constructor function,
taking arguments whose meaning is determined by the argument’s position
and possibly by keywords.
Arglist is used to describe what the arguments to the
constructor will be. In the simplest case something like
(:constructor make-foo (a b c)) defines make-foo to be
a three-argument
constructor function whose arguments are used to initialize the
slots named a, b, and c.
Because a constructor of this type operates “By Order of Arguments,” it is sometimes known as a “boa constructor.”
For information on how the arglist for a “boa constructor” is processed, see Section 3.4.6 (Boa Lambda Lists).
It is permissible to use the :constructor option more than once, so that you can define several different constructor functions, each taking different parameters.
defstruct creates the default-named keyword constructor function
only if no explicit :constructor options are specified, or if the
:constructor option is specified without a name argument.
(:constructor nil) is meaningful only when there are no other
:constructor options specified. It prevents defstruct
from generating any constructors at all.
Otherwise, defstruct creates a constructor function corresponding
to each supplied :constructor option. It is permissible to specify
multiple keyword constructor functions as well as multiple
“boa constructors”.
This option takes one argument, a symbol,
which specifies the name of the copier
function. If the argument is not provided or if the option itself is not
provided, the name of the copier is produced by concatenating the
string "COPY-" and the name of the structure, interning the name
in whatever package is current at the time defstruct
is expanded.
If the argument is provided and is nil, no copier function is defined.
The automatically defined copier function is a function of
one argument,
which must be of the structure type being defined.
The copier function creates a fresh
structure that has the same type as its argument,
and that has the same component values as the original
structure; that is, the component values are not copied recursively.
If the defstruct :type option was not used,
the following equivalence applies:
(copier-name x) = (copy-structure (the structure-name x))
This option is used for building a new structure definition as an extension of another structure definition. For example:
(defstruct person name age sex)
To make a new structure to represent an astronaut
that has the
attributes of name, age, and sex, and functions
that operate on person structures, astronaut is defined
with :include as follows:
(defstruct (astronaut (:include person)
(:conc-name astro-))
helmet-size
(favorite-beverage 'tang))
:include causes the structure being defined
to have the same slots as the included structure.
This is done in such a way
that the reader functions for the included
structure also work on the structure being defined.
In this example, an
astronaut therefore has five slots: the three defined in
person and the two defined in astronaut
itself. The reader functions defined by the person structure
can be applied to instances of the astronaut structure, and they
work correctly.
Moreover, astronaut has its own reader functions for
components defined by the person structure.
The following examples illustrate the
use of astronaut structures:
(setq x (make-astronaut :name 'buzz
:age 45.
:sex t
:helmet-size 17.5))
(person-name x) → BUZZ
(astro-name x) → BUZZ
(astro-favorite-beverage x) → TANG
(reduce #'+ astros :key #'person-age) ; obtains the total of the ages
; of the possibly empty
; sequence of astros
The difference between the reader functions person-name and astro-name
is that person-name can be correctly applied to any person,
including an astronaut, while astro-name can be correctly
applied only to an astronaut. An implementation might
check for incorrect use of reader functions.
At most one :include can be supplied in a single defstruct.
The argument to :include is required and must be the
name of some previously defined structure. If the structure being
defined has no :type option, then the included structure must
also have had no :type option supplied for it.
If the structure being defined has a :type option,
then the included structure must have been declared with a :type
option specifying the same representation type.
If no :type option is involved, then
the structure name of the including structure definition
becomes the name of a data type, and therefore
a valid type specifier recognizable by typep; it becomes
a subtype of the included structure.
In the above example,
astronaut is a subtype of person; hence
(typep (make-astronaut) 'person) → true
indicating that all operations on persons also work on astronauts.
The structure using :include can specify default values or slot-options for the included slots different from those the included structure specifies, by giving the :include option as:
(:include included-structure-name {slot-description}*)
Each slot-description must have a slot-name that is the same as that of some slot in the included structure. If a slot-description has no slot-initform, then in the new structure the slot has no initial value. Otherwise its initial value form is replaced by the slot-initform in the slot-description. A normally writable slot can be made read-only. If a slot is read-only in the included structure, then it must also be so in the including structure. If a type is supplied for a slot, it must be a subtype of the type specified in the included structure.
For example, if the
default age for an astronaut is 45, then
(defstruct (astronaut (:include person (age 45)))
helmet-size
(favorite-beverage 'tang))
If :include is used with the :type option, then the effect is first to skip over as many representation elements as needed to represent the included structure, then to skip over any additional elements supplied by the :initial-offset option, and then to begin allocation of elements from that point. For example:
(defstruct (binop (:type list) :named (:initial-offset 2)) (operator '? :type symbol) operand-1 operand-2) → BINOP (defstruct (annotated-binop (:type list) (:initial-offset 3) (:include binop)) commutative associative identity) → ANNOTATED-BINOP (make-annotated-binop :operator '* :operand-1 'x :operand-2 5 :commutative t :associative t :identity 1) → (NIL NIL BINOP * X 5 NIL NIL NIL T T 1)
The first two nil elements stem from the :initial-offset of 2
in the definition of binop. The next four elements contain the
structure name and three slots for binop. The next three nil elements
stem from the :initial-offset of 3 in the definition of
annotated-binop. The last three list elements contain the additional
slots for an annotated-binop.
:initial-offset instructs defstruct to skip over a certain
number of slots before it starts allocating the slots described in the
body. This option’s argument is the number of slots defstruct
should skip. :initial-offset can be used only if :type is also supplied.
:initial-offset allows slots to be allocated beginning at a representational element other than the first. For example, the form
(defstruct (binop (:type list) (:initial-offset 2))
(operator '? :type symbol)
operand-1
operand-2) → BINOP
would result in the following behavior for make-binop:
(make-binop :operator '+ :operand-1 'x :operand-2 5) → (NIL NIL + X 5) (make-binop :operand-2 4 :operator '*) → (NIL NIL * NIL 4)
The selector functions
binop-operator, binop-operand-1,
and binop-operand-2 would be essentially equivalent to third,
fourth, and fifth, respectively.
Similarly, the form
(defstruct (binop (:type list) :named (:initial-offset 2))
(operator '? :type symbol)
operand-1
operand-2) → BINOP
would result in the following behavior for make-binop:
(make-binop :operator '+ :operand-1 'x :operand-2 5) → (NIL NIL BINOP + X 5) (make-binop :operand-2 4 :operator '*) → (NIL NIL BINOP * NIL 4)
The first two nil elements stem from the :initial-offset of 2
in the definition of binop. The next four elements contain the
structure name and three slots for binop.
:named specifies that the structure is named. If no :type is supplied, then the structure is always named.
For example:
(defstruct (binop (:type list))
(operator '? :type symbol)
operand-1
operand-2) → BINOP
This defines a constructor function make-binop and three
selector functions, namely binop-operator, binop-operand-1,
and binop-operand-2. (It does not, however, define a predicate
binop-p, for reasons explained below.)
The effect of make-binop is simply to construct a list of length three:
(make-binop :operator '+ :operand-1 'x :operand-2 5) → (+ X 5) (make-binop :operand-2 4 :operator '*) → (* NIL 4)
It is just like the function list except that it takes
keyword arguments and performs slot defaulting appropriate to the binop
conceptual data type. Similarly, the selector functions
binop-operator, binop-operand-1,
and binop-operand-2 are essentially equivalent to car,
cadr, and caddr, respectively. They might not be
completely equivalent because,
for example, an implementation would be justified in adding error-checking
code to ensure that the argument to each selector function is a length-3
list.
binop is a conceptual data type in that it is not made a part of
the Common Lisp type system. typep does not recognize binop as
a type specifier, and type-of returns list when
given a binop structure. There is no way to distinguish a data
structure constructed by make-binop from any other list that
happens to have the correct structure.
There is not any way to recover the structure name binop from
a structure created by make-binop. This can only be done
if the structure is named.
A named structure has the property that, given an instance of the
structure, the structure name (that names the type) can be reliably
recovered. For structures defined
with no :type option, the structure name actually becomes part
of the Common Lisp data-type system. type-of,
when applied to such a structure, returns the structure name
as the type of the object;
typep recognizes
the structure name as a valid type specifier.
For structures defined with a :type option, type-of
returns a type specifier such as list or (vector t),
depending on the type supplied to the :type option.
The structure name does not become a valid type specifier.
However,
if the :named option is also supplied, then the first component
of the structure (as created by a defstruct constructor function)
always contains the structure name. This allows the structure name
to be recovered from an instance of the structure and allows a reasonable
predicate for the conceptual type to be defined:
the automatically defined
name-p predicate for the structure operates by first
checking that its argument is of the proper type (list,
(vector t),
or whatever) and then checking whether the first component contains
the appropriate type name.
Consider the binop example shown above, modified only to
include the :named option:
(defstruct (binop (:type list) :named)
(operator '? :type symbol)
operand-1
operand-2) → BINOP
As before, this defines a constructor function make-binop and three
selector functions binop-operator, binop-operand-1,
and binop-operand-2. It also defines a predicate binop-p.
The effect of make-binop is now to construct a list of length four:
(make-binop :operator '+ :operand-1 'x :operand-2 5) → (BINOP + X 5) (make-binop :operand-2 4 :operator '*) → (BINOP * NIL 4)
The structure has the same layout as before except that the structure name
binop is included as the first list element.
The selector functions
binop-operator, binop-operand-1,
and binop-operand-2 are essentially equivalent to cadr,
caddr, and cadddr, respectively.
The predicate binop-p is more or less equivalent to this
definition:
(defun binop-p (x)
(and (consp x) (eq (car x) 'binop))) → BINOP-P
The name binop is still not a valid type specifier recognizable
to typep, but at least there is a way of distinguishing binop
structures from other similarly defined structures.
This option takes one argument, which specifies the name of the type predicate.
If the argument is not supplied or if the option itself is not
supplied, the name of the predicate is made by concatenating the
name of the structure to the string "-P", interning the name
in whatever package is current at the time defstruct
is expanded.
If the argument is provided and is nil, no predicate is defined.
A predicate can be defined only if the structure is named;
if :type is supplied and :named is not supplied,
then :predicate must either be unsupplied or have the value nil.
The :print-function and :print-object
options
specify that a print-object
method for structures of type structure-name should be generated.
These options are not synonyms, but do perform a similar service;
the choice of which option (:print-function or :print-object) is used
affects how the function named printer-name is called.
Only one of these options may be used, and
these options may be used only if :type is not supplied.
If the :print-function option is used, then when a structure of type structure-name is to be printed, the designated printer function is called on three arguments:
*print-level*
to determine whether depth abbreviation is appropriate.
Specifying (:print-function printer-name)
is approximately equivalent to specifying:
(defmethod print-object ((object structure-name) stream) (funcall (function printer-name) object stream «current-print-depth»))
where the «current-print-depth» represents the printer’s belief of how deep it is currently printing. It is implementation-dependent whether «current-print-depth» is always 0 and *print-level*, if non-nil, is re-bound to successively smaller values as printing descends recursively, or whether current-print-depth varies in value as printing descends recursively and *print-level* remains constant during the same traversal.
If the :print-object option is used, then when a structure of type structure-name is to be printed, the designated printer function is called on two arguments:
Specifying (:print-object printer-name) is equivalent to specifying:
(defmethod print-object ((object structure-name) stream) (funcall (function printer-name) object stream))
If no :type option is supplied,
and if either a :print-function or a :print-object option is supplied,
and if no printer-name is supplied,
then a print-object method specialized for structure-name
is generated that calls a function that implements the default printing behavior for
structures using #S notation; see Section 22.1.3.12 (Printing Structures).
If neither a :print-function
nor a :print-object option
is supplied,
then defstruct does not generate a print-object method
specialized for structure-name and some default behavior is inherited
either from a structure named in an :include option
or from the default behavior for printing structures;
see the function print-object and Section 22.1.3.12 (Printing Structures).
When *print-circle* is true,
a user-defined print function can print objects
to the supplied stream using
write,
prin1,
princ,
or format
and expect circularities to be detected and printed using the #n# syntax.
This applies to methods on print-object in addition to
:print-function options.
If a user-defined print function prints to a stream other than the one
that was supplied, then circularity detection starts over for that stream.
See the variable *print-circle*.
:type explicitly specifies the representation to be used for the structure. Its argument must be one of these types:
vectorThis produces the same result as specifying (vector t).
The structure is represented
as a general vector, storing components as vector elements.
The first component is vector
element 1 if the structure is :named, and element 0 otherwise.
(vector element-type)The structure is represented as a (possibly specialized) vector, storing
components as vector elements. Every component must be of a type
that can be stored in a vector of the type specified.
The first component is vector
element 1 if the structure is :named, and element 0 otherwise.
The structure can be :named only if the type symbol
is a subtype of the supplied element-type.
listThe structure is represented as a list. The first component is the cadr if the structure is :named, and the car if it is not :named.
Specifying this option has the effect of forcing
a specific representation and of forcing the components to be
stored in the order specified in defstruct
in corresponding successive elements of the specified representation.
It also prevents the structure name from becoming a valid
type specifier recognizable by typep.
For example:
(defstruct (quux (:type list) :named) x y)
should make a constructor that builds a list exactly like the one
that list produces,
with quux as its car.
If this type is defined:
(deftype quux () '(satisfies quux-p))
then this form
(typep (make-quux) 'quux)
should return precisely what this one does
(typep (list 'quux nil nil) 'quux)
If :type is not supplied,
the structure is represented as an object of type structure-object.
defstruct without a :type option defines a class with
the structure name as its name. The metaclass of structure
instances is structure-class.
The consequences of redefining a defstruct structure are undefined.
In the case where no defstruct options have been supplied,
the following functions are automatically defined to operate
on instances of the new structure:
A predicate with the name structure-name-p is defined to
test membership in the structure type. The predicate
(structure-name-p object) is true if an object
is of this type; otherwise it is false. typep can also
be used with the name of the new type to test whether an
object
belongs to the type.
Such a function call has the form
(typep object 'structure-name).
Reader functions are defined to read the components of the
structure. For each slot name, there is a corresponding
reader function with the name structure-name-slot-name.
This function reads the contents of that slot.
Each reader function takes one argument, which is
an instance of the structure type.
setf can be used with any of these reader functions
to alter the slot contents.
A constructor function with the name make-structure-name
is defined. This function creates and returns new
instances of the structure type.
A copier function with the name copy-structure-name is defined.
The copier function takes an object of the structure type and creates a
new object of the same type that is a copy of the first. The copier
function creates a new structure with the same component entries
as the original. Corresponding components of the two structure instances
are eql.
If a defstruct form appears as a top level form,
the compiler must make the structure type name recognized
as a valid type name in subsequent declarations (as for deftype)
and make the structure slot readers known to setf. In addition, the
compiler must save enough information about the structure type
so that further defstruct definitions can use :include in a subsequent
deftype in the same file to refer to the structure type name.
The functions which defstruct generates are not defined
in the compile time environment, although the compiler may save enough
information about the functions to code subsequent calls inline.
The #S reader macro might or might not recognize the newly defined
structure type name at compile time.
An example of a structure definition follows:
(defstruct ship x-position y-position x-velocity y-velocity mass)
This declares that every ship is an object
with five named components.
The evaluation of this form does the following:
ship-x-position to be a function
of one argument, a ship, that returns the x-position
of the ship; ship-y-position
and the other components are given similar function definitions.
These functions are called the access functions, as they
are used to access elements of the structure.
ship becomes the name of a type of which instances
of ships are elements. ship becomes acceptable to typep,
for example; (typep x 'ship) is true if x is a ship
and false if x is any object other than a ship.
ship-p of
one argument is defined; it is a predicate
that is true if its argument is a ship and is false otherwise.
make-ship is defined that, when invoked,
creates a data structure with five components, suitable for use with
the access functions. Thus executing
(setq ship2 (make-ship))
sets ship2 to a newly created ship object.
One can supply the initial values of any desired component in the call
to make-ship by using keyword arguments in this way:
(setq ship2 (make-ship :mass *default-ship-mass*
:x-position 0
:y-position 0))
This constructs a new ship and initializes three of its components. This function is called the “constructor function” because it constructs a new structure.
copy-ship of one argument
is defined that, when given a ship object,
creates a new ship object that is a copy of the given one.
This function is called the “copier function.”
setf can be used to alter the components of a ship:
(setf (ship-x-position ship2) 100)
This alters the x-position of ship2 to be 100.
This works because defstruct behaves as if
it generates an appropriate defsetf
for each access function.
;;;
;;; Example 1
;;; define town structure type
;;; area, watertowers, firetrucks, population, elevation are its components
;;;
(defstruct town
area
watertowers
(firetrucks 1 :type fixnum) ;an initialized slot
population
(elevation 5128 :read-only t)) ;a slot that can't be changed
→ TOWN
;create a town instance
(setq town1 (make-town :area 0 :watertowers 0)) → #S(TOWN...)
;town's predicate recognizes the new instance
(town-p town1) → true
;new town's area is as specified by make-town
(town-area town1) → 0
;new town's elevation has initial value
(town-elevation town1) → 5128
;setf recognizes reader function
(setf (town-population town1) 99) → 99
(town-population town1) → 99
;copier function makes a copy of town1
(setq town2 (copy-town town1)) → #S(TOWN...)
(= (town-population town1) (town-population town2)) → true
;since elevation is a read-only slot, its value can be set only
;when the structure is created
(setq town3 (make-town :area 0 :watertowers 3 :elevation 1200))
→ #S(TOWN...)
;;;
;;; Example 2
;;; define clown structure type
;;; this structure uses a nonstandard prefix
;;;
(defstruct (clown (:conc-name bozo-))
(nose-color 'red)
frizzy-hair-p polkadots) → CLOWN
(setq funny-clown (make-clown)) → #S(CLOWN)
;use non-default reader name
(bozo-nose-color funny-clown) → RED
(defstruct (klown (:constructor make-up-klown) ;similar def using other
(:copier clone-klown) ;customizing keywords
(:predicate is-a-bozo-p))
nose-color frizzy-hair-p polkadots) → klown
;custom constructor now exists
(fboundp 'make-up-klown) → true
;;;
;;; Example 3
;;; define a vehicle structure type
;;; then define a truck structure type that includes
;;; the vehicle structure
;;;
(defstruct vehicle name year (diesel t :read-only t)) → VEHICLE
(defstruct (truck (:include vehicle (year 79)))
load-limit
(axles 6)) → TRUCK
(setq x (make-truck :name 'mac :diesel t :load-limit 17))
→ #S(TRUCK...)
;vehicle readers work on trucks
(vehicle-name x)
→ MAC
;default taken from :include clause
(vehicle-year x)
→ 79
(defstruct (pickup (:include truck)) ;pickup type includes truck
camper long-bed four-wheel-drive) → PICKUP
(setq x (make-pickup :name 'king :long-bed t)) → #S(PICKUP...)
;:include default inherited
(pickup-year x) → 79
;;;
;;; Example 4
;;; use of BOA constructors
;;;
(defstruct (dfs-boa ;BOA constructors
(:constructor make-dfs-boa (a b c))
(:constructor create-dfs-boa
(a &optional b (c 'cc) &rest d &aux e (f 'ff))))
a b c d e f) → DFS-BOA
;a, b, and c set by position, and the rest are uninitialized
(setq x (make-dfs-boa 1 2 3)) → #(DFS-BOA...)
(dfs-boa-a x) → 1
;a and b set, c and f defaulted
(setq x (create-dfs-boa 1 2)) → #(DFS-BOA...)
(dfs-boa-b x) → 2
(eq (dfs-boa-c x) 'cc) → true
;a, b, and c set, and the rest are collected into d
(setq x (create-dfs-boa 1 2 3 4 5 6)) → #(DFS-BOA...)
(dfs-boa-d x) → (4 5 6)
If any two slot names (whether present directly or inherited by the :include option)
are the same under string=,
defstruct should signal an error of type program-error.
The consequences are undefined if the included-structure-name does not name a structure type.
documentation, print-object, setf, subtypep, type-of, typep, Section 3.2 (Compilation)
The printer-name should observe the values of
such printer-control variables as *print-escape*.
The restriction against issuing a warning for type mismatches between a slot-initform and the corresponding slot’s :type option is necessary because a slot-initform must be specified in order to specify slot options; in some cases, no suitable default may exist.
The mechanism by which defstruct arranges for slot accessors to
be usable with setf is implementation-dependent;
for example, it may use setf functions, setf expanders, or
some other implementation-dependent mechanism known to that
implementation’s code for setf.
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structure—a structure.
copy—a copy of the structure.
Returns a copy6
Only the structure itself is copied; not the values of the slots.
the :copier option to defstruct
The copy is the same as the given structure
under equalp, but not under equal.
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